電腦專業英語 (電子書)

前言
出版說明
Chapter 1 Introduction of Computer Science
1.1 History of Computer Science
1.2 Areas of Computer Science
1.2.1 Theoretical Computer Science
1.2.2 Applied Computer Science
1.3 Is Computer Science Science?
1.3.1 Common Understandings of Science
1.3.2 Internal Disagreement
1.3.3 Computer Science Thrives on Relationships
1.3.4 Validating Computer Science Claims
1.4 The Future of Computer Science
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Innovative Research Projects
1.4.3 Theoretical Foundation
1.4.4 An Interview
1.5 Key Terms and Review Questions
1. Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Computer Architecture and Networks
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Computer Architecture
2.1.2 Design Goals
2.2 Computer System
2.2.1 Hardware
2.2.2 Software
2.3 Computer Networking
2.3.1 Network Hardware
2.3.2 Network Protocols
2.3.3 Internet and TCP/IP
2.4 Wireless Network
2.4.1 Wireless LAN Networking Basics
2.4.2 Mobile Network
2.4.3 Wireless Sensor Network
2.5 Key Terms and Review Questions
1. Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
Chapter 3 Operating System
3.1 Definition and Function
3.1.1 What is Operating System?
3.1.2 Functions of Operating System
3.1.3 Types of Operating Systems
3.2 Tasks of an Operating System
3.2.1 Processor Management
3.2.2 Process Management
3.2.3 Memory and Storage Management
3.2.4 Device Management
3.2.5 Application Interface
3.2.6 User Interface
3.3 Examples of Popular Modern Operating Systems
3.3.1 UNIX and UNIX-like Operating Systems
3.3.2 Microsoft Windows
3.4 Comparison of Windows and UNIX Environments
3.5 Key Terms and Review Questions
References
Chapter 4 Algorithms, Data Structures and Software Engineering
4.1 Algorithm
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Definition of Algorithms
4.1.3 Specifying Algorithms
4.1.4 Examples — Sorting Algorithms
4.1.5 Algorithm Analysis
4.2 Data Structures
4.2.1 Definition
4.2.2 Types of Data Structure
4.3 Programming
4.3.1 Evolution of Programming Language
4.3.2 Basic Components and Structure of a Program
4.3.3 Object-oriented Programming
4.4 Software Engineering
4.4.1 Life Cycle of Software
4.4.2 Software Development Models
4.4.3 Software Quality Characteristics
4.5 Key Terms and Review Questions
1.Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
Chapter 5 Databases and Information Retrieval
5.1 Database System
5.1.1 Database
5.1.2 Relational Database
5.1.3 Database Management System
5.1.4 SQL
5.2 Information Retrieval
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 An Example of Information Retrieval
5.2.3 Open Source IR System
5.2.4 Performance Measure
5.3 Web Search Basics
5.3.1 Background and History
5.3.2 Web Search Features
5.3.3 Web Crawling and Indexes
5.4 Key Terms and Review Questions
1. Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
Chapter 6 Artificial Intelligence
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 History of AI
6.1.2 Research Branches of AI
6.2 Turing Test
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Alan Turing
6.2.3 Inception of the Turing Test
6.2.4 Problems/Difficulties with the Turing Test
6.2.5 The Current State of the Turing Test
6.2.6 Artificial Intelligence Computer System Passes Visual Turing
6.3 Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
6.3.1 How to Represent Knowledge
6.3.2 Representation
6.3.3 Reasoning about Knowledge
6.3.4 KBS
6.3.5 MYCIN—A Case Study
6.4 Case-based Reasoning
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Fundamental of Case-based Reasoning
6.4.3 The CBR Process
6.4.4 Example-based Machine Translation
6.5 Robotics
6.5.1 Components of Robot
6.5.2 Control System
6.5.3 Environmental Interaction and Navigation
6.5.4 Top 10 Humanoid Robots
6.6 Computer Vision
6.6.1 Brief Introduction
6.6.2 Tasks of Computer Vision
6.6.3 An Example — Facial Recognition System
6.7 Existential Risk from Artificial General Intelligence
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.2 Risk Scenarios
6.7.3 Different Reactions on the Thesis
6.8 Key Terms and Review Questions
1. Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
Chapter 7 Computer Graphics and Visualization
7.1 Computer Graphics
7.1.1 What Is Computer Graphics
7.1.2 Types of Graphics
7.1.3 Techniques Used in CG
7.1.4 Computer-aided Design
7.1.5 3D Modeling
7.2 Virtual Reality
7.2.1 What Is Virtual Reality
7.2.2 Types of Virtual Reality
7.2.3 Equipment Used in Virtual Reality
7.2.4 Applications of Virtual Reality
7.2.5 Pros and Cons of Virtual Reality
7.3 Data Visualization
7.3.1 Characteristics of Effective Graphical Displays
7.3.2 Quantitative Messages
7.3.3 Visual Perception and Data Visualization
7.3.4 Examples of Diagrams Used for Data Visualization
7.4 Key Terms and Review Question
1. Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
Chapter 8 Human-Computer Interaction
8.1 Human-Computer Interaction
8.1.1 History of HCI
8.1.2 From Cabal to Community
8.1.3 Beyond the Desktop
8.1.4 The Task-artifact Cycle
8.1.5 A Caldron of Theory
8.1.6 Implications of HCI for Science, Practice, and Epistemology
8.2 User Interface Design Adaptation
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 User Interface/Task/Platform Relations
8.2.3 Authoring Multi-Device Interactive Applications
8.2.4 Adaptation Rules
8.2.5 Model-based UI Design in Multi-Device Contexts
8.2.6 Vocal Interfaces
8.2.7 Multimodal User Interfaces
8.3 HRI
8.3.1 Introduction of HRI
8.3.2 HRI — About (not) Romanticizing Robots
8.3.3 HRI — There Is No Such Thing as “Natural Interaction”
8.3.4 HRI — There Is a Place For Non-humanoid Robots
8.4 Key Terms and Review Questions
References
Chapter 9 Computer Security
9.1 Computer Security Issues
9.1.1 Basic Security Concepts
9.1.2 Threats and Attacks
9.1.3 A Model for Network Security
9.2 Security Countermeasure
9.3 Cryptography
9.3.1 Basic Concepts
9.3.2 History of Cryptography
9.3.3 Modern Cryptography
9.4 Top 10 Cyber-security Issues in 2016
9.5 Cyberwar
9.5.1 A Cybersecurity Wargame Scenario
9.5.2 The First Casualty of Cyberwar Is The Web
9.5.3 Building Digital Armies
9.5.4 How Cyber Weapons Work
9.5.5 When Is a Cyberwar Not a Cyberwar?
9.5.6 The Targets in Cyberwar
9.5.7 Cyberwar: Coming to a Living Room Near You?
9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions
1. Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
Chapter 10 Latest Progresses in Computer Science
10.1 Quantum Information Science
10.1.1 Quantum Computing
10.1.2 Quantum Cryptography
10.2 Deep Learning
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Historical Trends in Deep Learning
10.3 Cloud Computing
10.3.1 The Vision of Cloud Computing
10.3.2 Defining a Cloud
10.3.3 A Closer Look
10.3.4 The Cloud Computing Reference Model
10.4Big Data
10.4.1 Let the Data Speak
10.4.2 Definition and Characteristic of Big Data
10.4.3 Value of Big Data
10.4.4 Risk of Big Data
10.5 Key Terms and Review Questions
1. Technical Terms
2. Translation Exercises
References
附錄CD

前言
“電腦英語”是電腦及相關專業的一門專業基礎課程。由於電腦相關核心技術大部分源於英語國家，很多的技術文檔資料、程式設計工具原版都以英語為主，因此較好的英文水準有利於專業和職業的長遠發展；另外，電腦技術更新速度極快，如果不掌握一定的專業詞彙，必然會影響對新技術的理解和消化。為了提高學生在電腦相關領域的英語應用能力，使學生在有限的學時中比較全面地掌握專業詞彙、能順利地閱讀和理解專業文獻，同時保證學生的學習興趣、拓展專業知識面、避免陷於深奧的專業知識，本教材在內容的編排和選擇上堅持以下三個原則。

基礎性和趣味性原則：每一部分內容介紹電腦科學一個學科領域的科普性內容，避免出現較深奧和晦澀的概念及理論，易於讀者閱讀和理解。

廣泛性和知識性原則：力求覆蓋電腦科學相關領域內容，高度概括每個領域的發展歷史、研究內容和發展情況，使不同層次的讀者通過閱讀和學習可以對該領域有全面、客觀的瞭解。

可靠性和實效性原則：素材取自國內外最近幾年電腦科學各個領域的最新教材、專著、論文、學者訪談、百科等可靠來源，使讀者可以瞭解電腦科學與技術的最新進展。

本教材每章內容相對獨立，教師可根據實際教學需要確定重點授課內容。本書第1章概括電腦科學的發展歷史、學科分支及未來發展方向；第2章集合了電腦體系結構、硬體、互聯網、無線網方面的基礎知識；第3章介紹作業系統的常識，包括作業系統的定義、任務及常用作業系統的案例及對比；第4章介紹演算法、資料結構和軟體工程方面的知識；第5章集合了關聯式資料庫、查詢語言、資訊檢索和網頁檢索的基礎概念和常識；第6章為人工智慧相關領域的知識，包括圖靈測試、知識表達和推理、機器人、電腦視覺、人工智慧可能存在的風險等；第7章為計算圖形學領域的分支和應用，包括電腦輔助設計、3D建模、虛擬實境、資料視覺化等；第8章為人機交互技術方面的相關知識，包含人機交互的發展、人機界面的設計原理和規則等；第9章為電腦安全相關知識，包括基本概念、安全措施、密碼學及網路戰爭等內容；第10章介紹電腦科學與技術領域的一些最新進展，包括量子計算、深度學習、雲計算和大資料方面的內容。本書不僅是一本電腦專業英語的教材，也是對電腦專業知識的一個概覽，具有很強的科學性、知識性、趣味性。

本書的第1～4章主要由劉學副教授編寫；第5章和第6章主要由李曉峰教授編寫；第7、8、10章及附錄詞彙部分主要由戚文靜教授編寫和整理；第9章和第10章由李國文博士編寫；最後由戚文靜完成對本書的統稿；另外，劉宇祺、王亦佳等同學參與了本書稿的錄入和校對工作，趙敬教授對本書的編寫提出了很多寶貴意見。

另外，在清華大學出版社編輯的大力支持和協助下，本書得以在較短時間內出版和發行，在此對他們的工作表示誠摯的感謝。同時，感謝戚文靜家人對我的理解、支持和關愛，使得本書稿能夠順利完成。

教材中難免有不足和疏漏之處，懇請廣大讀者提出寶貴意見和建議，以便進一步完善本教材。

戚文靜
2018年夏於映雪湖