Artificial Intimidation
AI時代來臨 誰的工作會被取代?
CNN NARRATOR
The rapid advancement of AI platforms such as ChatGPT has everyone from librarians to judges to nurses to criminal investigators asking, “How exposed is my job?”
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
Lots of people are interested in understanding what types of jobs are gonna be affected by AI and what policy responses we might wanna think about from a societal point of view.
CNN NARRATOR
This is professor and AI expert Rob Seamans, and he coauthored a paper ranking nearly 800 jobs and their exposure to artificial intelligence, particularly to AI language modeling.
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
I’m not in the top 20. However, I am number 22 on the list.
CNN NARRATOR
The methodology takes 52 human abilities used at various jobs as defined by the Department of Labor …
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
There could be things like inductive and deductive reasoning, image recognition, language comprehension, and to ones that are much more physical—so trunk strength, arm-hand steadiness, [or] something like that.
CNN NARRATOR
… and maps those 52 human abilities to 10 areas where AI most excels.
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
Things like image generation, image recognition, language modeling and things like that.
CNN NARRATOR
The more those AI skills and human abilities overlapped, the more a job was determined to be exposed to AI. To focus the study, they did not consider the effects of robots and other automated machines in the research, and that skewed the rankings for some jobs that you might think would be more vulnerable to advances in technology.
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
Workers in a manufacturing setting or maybe transportation and warehouse-type settings score very low in an exposure to AI as opposed to exposure to other types of automation.
CNN NARRATOR
The type of jobs that the study found are most exposed to AI? White-collar occupations, often with high education requirements and higher pay.
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
If you look at the top 20 occupations that are most exposed to advances in language modeling, 14 of those top 20 are professors. If you look at the number one thing that a professor does, it’s prepare and deliver lectures, and we know that language modeling is really helpful when it comes to preparing content that you might later on then deliver to a classroom.
CNN NARRATOR
AI’s ability to recognize and generate language exposes a wide variety of white-collar professions, such as mental health counselors, writers, areas of the legal industry [and] even preachers.
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
Now, praying—of course, large language models are not gonna be very helpful with that, but in terms of creating the sermons that you might deliver, you would imagine that, you know, just like large language models could help a clergy person do that, [the] same thing [could happen] with a college professor.
CNN NARRATOR
And the number one job that is most exposed? Telemarketers.
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
Part of the reason why telemarketers are so exposed to advances in language modeling have [has] to do with probably the amount of speaking that they do and the amount of, you know, listening and responding on the fly to the comments that they get from whoever they’re calling.
CNN NARRATOR
So, how exactly might AI change our jobs in the future?
ROBERT SEAMANS, PROFESSOR, NYU STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
Now, just because an occupation is more exposed to advances in AI doesn’t mean that that job is at threat of being substituted, and it’s not that a lots of jobs will disappear. I don’t think that will happen. However, I do think that many, many jobs will change.
CNN旁白
像ChatGPT這樣的AI平台的迅速發展讓從圖書館員到法官到護士到刑事調查員等人人都在問:「我的工作受影響的風險有多高?」
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
很多人有興趣瞭解哪些類型的工作會受到AI的影響,以及我們可能要從社會角度來思考什麼政策因應之道。
CNN旁白
這位是教授暨AI專家羅伯.西曼斯,他共同撰寫了一篇對近八百種工作及那些工作受人工智慧,特別是受AI語言建模影響程度排名的論文。
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
我不在前二十名。不過,我是清單上的第二十二。
CNN旁白
這種方法論取勞工部定義的五十二種在各式工作中用到的人類能力……
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
可能會有像是歸納和演繹推理、圖像識別、語言理解,還有比較是身體方面的東西──比如軀幹力量、臂手穩定性,或類似那樣的東西。
CNN旁白
……並將那五十二種人類能力配置到AI最擅長的十個領域。
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
像影像生成、影像識別、語言建模和那之類的東西。
CNN旁白
那些AI技能跟人類能力重疊得愈多,一項工作被判定為受到AI影響的風險愈高。為了使研究聚焦,他們在研究中並未考慮機器人和其他自動化機器的影響,而那扭轉了你可能認為會更容易受到科技進步影響的一些工作的排名。
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
在製造業環境或可能運輸及倉庫類型環境中的勞工在受AI影響上得分非常低,相對於受其他類型自動化的影響。
CNN旁白
這份研究發現受AI影響風險最高的工作類型?通常需高學歷且有較高薪資的白領職業。
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
如果你看看受語言建模發展影響風險最高的前二十個職業,那前二十名中有十四個是教授。如果你看看教授做的第一件事,就是備課和講課,而我們知道語言建模在準備你可能之後要對課堂講的內容方面非常有助益。
CNN旁白
AI識別和生成語言的能力使各式各樣的白領職業受到影響,例如心理健康諮詢師、作家、法律業的各個領域,甚至還有牧師。
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
好的,禱告──當然了,大型語言模型對那不會有太大的幫助,但在產出你可能要講道的內容上,你會想像,就像大型語言模型可以幫助神職人員做那件事,同樣的事也可能發生在大學教授身上。
CNN旁白
那麼,最受影響的頭號工作?電話銷售員。
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
電話銷售員受語言建模發展影響這麼大的部分原因或許與他們說話的量以及聆聽並即時回應他們從通話對象那裡得到的意見的量有關。
CNN旁白
那麼未來,AI究竟可能怎麼改變我們的工作呢?
紐約大學史登商學院教授 羅伯特.西曼斯
好的,僅僅因為一種職業受AI發展的影響較大不表示那項工作有被取代的危險,也不是說很多工作會消失。我不認為那會發生。然而,我確實認為有很多、很多工作會改變。