The aim of this reprint is to immerse the reader in the latest approaches employed in marine geology. From investigations into modern and past oceans and marginal oceanic basins, as well as their marine ecosystems, we aim to unravel the geological dynamics and reconstruct the relevant past and/or modern environments. In this reprint, leading experts in the field share their insights, research findings, and visions for the future. Together, we embark on a journey to unlock the full potentiality of sedimentology, paleoceanography, and paleoclimatology for addressing the challenges posed by climate change in the sedimentary archive, the hydrological regime, and the subsequent response of the marine biota through time.